Natural Disasters Bring Out the Best and Worst in People Essay Example

Catastrophic events Bring Out the Best and Worst in People Essay Example Catastrophic events Bring Out the Best and Worst in People Paper Catastrophic events Bring Out the Best and Worst in People Paper Article Topic: A Woman Killed With Kindness Resident Kane The media keep debacle in the cutting edge of our brains. Television, radio and the front pages of the press appear to delight in catastrophe on the grounds that the general population have an excessive inquisitiveness in it, given that it happens to others. Fiasco supports TV evaluations and sells papers. As we ingest the updates on a starvation, a seismic tremor, a tropical storm, a tidal wave, now and again we will in general put ourselves in the situation of the people in question and marvel how we would respond. In such circumstances, the vast majority act instinctually, and what they do is more unconstrained than determined. That suddenness is generally the subliminal impression of character, and in light of the fact that fife for the majority of us is lived on a level, how we carry on in crisis is to a great extent capricious, except if we have been recently adapted to respond in specific manners. The ongoing seismic tremor in Manner gave me a clear case of two differentiating responses to a similar occasion. The place of a man got an immediate hit from the tremor which slaughtered one of the little girls of the family. The dad was a genuine Christian. He fell on his knees and appealed to God for the spirits of the people in question. The next day, what survived from his assets lying round the broke house were plundered. This demonstrated two altogether different responses to catastrophe. Plundering regularly observes the breakdown of lawfulness. It is rarely legitimate, however it might be less unpardonable in certain conditions than others. Some would dissent, however they are the individuals who have never observed a fiasco, for example, a starvation. In the event that my youngsters were weeping for food and I got the opportunity to take a sack of flour to make bread for them, I figure I would take the flour. Would this activity mirror the best or the most noticeably terrible in me? So would could it be that administers our response during and after a crisis? The response to that question is character. Character is represented by hereditary structure, by childhood and preparing, and without anyone else order, or its nonappearance. In the event that we respond seriously, we show weakness, self-centeredness and lack of concern to the predicament of others. In the event that we respond well, our direct mirrors something contrary to these failings. In the last case, hereditary history alone may administer our activities, however much of the time, individuals are ready among acceptable and awful. It is then that outside molding will influence the situation one way or the other. Nonetheless, significantly more significant than preparing is love, the thoughtful which puts others first and causes us to overlook self. This is generally simple where our closest and dearest are concerned, progressively troublesome and maybe increasingly praiseworthy where the others concerned have no enthusiastic case on us. The old Latin label love Vinci Omni, love vanquishes all things, is generally relevant to our response during fiasco. There is additionally truth in the old Biblical saying Perfect love standing out dread. Cataclysmic events are the most crushing things that could happen in this time of globalization and the facts demonstrate that it will acquire the most exceedingly awful a few of us. However there were innumerable instances of grit and unselfishness when en would assist the injured or draw in sad chances with all out negligence for their own endurance. A portion of these activities were perceived by the honor of awards and enrichments. Most were definitely not. This was somehow or another the most praiseworthy result of this century. Also, regardless of whether the fiasco is a quake or a typhoon, misfortune will in general unite individuals such that nothing else can. It's implied that the viability of a help unit relies upon the way that each man realizes he can rely upon his associate, regardless of whether he prefers him or not. Whatever the debacle, a similar soul is found in cost of the non military personnel populace. Individuals open their homes and hearts to one another, offer assistance, solace and consolation in a way which is never observed when life is simple and ordinary. The seismic tremor and tidal wave that battered north-eastern Japan three weeks back have put in plain view Some Of the countries best highlights. Any individual who has invested energy among survivors would doubtlessly concur this calamity has demonstrated this country at its best. In spite of the fact that the administration reaction has definitely been deficient in certain regions, aid ventures have been systematic and by and large compelling. What's more, those much-defamed legislators eave at any rate figured out how to delay the fighting behind decision gatherings and resistance bunches that had taken steps to crash one years from now government spending plan. In the interim, up and down the north-eastern coast, individuals who have lost friends and family and homes have reacted with uncomplaining limitation and self-restraint. It IS a proportion of the elevated expectations of social request Japanese set themselves that inhabitants of the battered port of Fount withdraw with alarm at gossipy tidbits that four individuals have been captured for taking from destroyed homes. I thought this was a decent town, says one inhabitant. Indeed, even mongo the rubble it is conceivable to hear neighbors welcome one another and guests with considerate silliness. Asked how casualties can in any case giggle at a time this way, Mammas Mira, a fisheries co-employable boss from a town in beach front Sashimi, draws laughs from his companions by replying: Every Japanese samurai! Noteworthy records of the San Francisco seismic tremor exhibit how the best in individuals are gainfully sent from the second the flames started to burst. While the post-seismic tremor tremors kept on shaking the ground underneath them, local officials working for foundations like the Post Office secured guidelines to escape, and spared their own work environments by skilful concentrated aggregate activity. A few residents, whose homes had been obliterated had asked, obtained and took food, espresso, tea and milk to set up improvised bistros in the destruction, which gave focuses of contact and solace for different survivors. They did this notwithstanding the impertinent futile obstruction of military men who felt compromised by unconstrained activity with respect to the resident. Another genuine model how calamities draw out the best in individuals is the characteristic development of a volunteer corps. The characteristic rise of volunteer powers in a crisis fits with the hypothesis that those crises give what prosperous routine occasions don't: an approach to satisfy the fundamental human requirement for network personality. Some considered this to be impact of catastrophe as so significant; they even portrayed regular disasters as social utopias. Truly, individuals lose their homes, their organizations, their property thus considerably more. And yet they experience the consideration of outsiders and the opportunity that originates from the relinquishment of assets that they will never get the opportunity to encounter in any case. These volunteer rescuers (who, measurably, will in general spare a greater number of lives than do the crisis administrations) are dismissed by the media since media will in general show up alongside the official catastrophe responders; the police, military and corps Of specialists. Media have the propensity for depending On legitimate hotspots for clear reactions which convey more clout with the survey open than the tale of an informal volunteer rescuer. Media favor the common punter to be in casualty mode, in a perfect world sobbing boisterously over their misfortune. Chirrups volunteers dont fit effectively in the customary TV assister story. So we will see more pictures of inhabitants in the flood-stricken regions taking a gander at their decimated assets or lining for water than we will see of them accomplishing the salvage work they exceeded expectations in the course of recent days. The picture will be one of emotion and lack of involvement, as opposed to euphoric adapting. Broad communications can adapt to one individual demonstrating limitless mental fortitude and asset since that individual can turn into a recognizable saint. Its not as great at catching aggregate courage, especially when it takes unromantic structures like the creation of several sandwiches. In any case, fiascos like the Christopher seismic tremor can likewise draw out those trying to misuse a disaster. Two Japanese writers were captured for the time being the point at which they attempted to break into medical clinic to talk with casualties. A man has been captured for imitating a structure auditor and requesting to see people groups resources in an offer to take from them. Sups Russell Gibson says police have gotten reports of people acting like CEQ staff getting some information about electronic things in homes. Weakness represents the greater part of people groups most noticeably terrible responses to calamity. Indeed barely any individuals, assuming any, are bold. The quake that battered north-eastern Japan three weeks prior has additionally put in plain view a portion of the countries most exceedingly awful highlights. On the negative side, the catastrophic event has severely uncovered the failings Of an atomic force industry that numerous Japanese have for quite a long time saw with doubt. In doing as such, it focuses at the significant expense of the innovative hubris and confidence in development as an answer for any social or monetary issue that was a ground-breaking strand in policymaking even before late executive Kaki Tanana in the backtalk set government the objective of renovating he Japanese archipelago. That ground-breaking seismic tremor and the immense tidal wave it released were without a doubt an impressive one-two punch. However, even a greatness 9 tremor barely lies past the limit of the Largest Conceivable Earthquake that Tepee asserts its plants are intended to withstand. And keeping in mind that it will require some investment to build up all the connections that make up the chain of fiasco immersing the Fuchsia plant, it is hard not to imagine that Tepees ceaseless issues with security and divulgence could be factors in the current emergency. The emergency may wind up negatively affecting the worn out request of Japanese lawmakers. It is they, all things considered, who have neglected to secure the publics enthusiasm for a safe atomic industry. And keeping in mind that the Democratic party-drove governments brief timeframe in office implies it can barely be accused for making the emergency, Mr. Kane has scarcely risen as the sort of lead

Woodside Petroleum 2005 Company Analysis

Woodside Petroleum 2005 Company Analysis Free Online Research Papers Woodside revealed a net benefit after duty of $1,107.4 million for 2005 which is 3.4% lower than 2004 of $1,146 million. Be that as it may, 2005’s hidden net benefit after duty expanded by 54.5%. This is on the grounds that a critical thing totalling $474.6 million announced in 2004 was from auctioning off the Enfield oil venture (Phaceas 2006). Normal oil cost has expanded 36.8% in 2005 contrasted and 2004 contributes a $552.6 million to income from offer of products and higher deals volumes raised another A$98.4 million driven by solid Liquefied Natural Gas deals. This relates with Howarth (2006), â€Å"Woodside’s normal raw petroleum cost in 2005 was $72.88, up from $54.19 the year before†. Notwithstanding, these positive sums are incompletely balanced by the misfortune from energy about AUD against USD, expanded expense of deals and all out investigation and assessment cost. As oil creation costs expanded from $4.27 a barrel to $6.78 a barrel (Howarth 2006). All these lead to diminish in ROE (net benefit owing to the individuals from Woodside Petroleum Ltd/Total Equity) from 41.4% in 2004 to 31.6% in 2005. In the event that altering for critical things, it really increments from 29.3% to 30.2%. Liquidity Current proportion (Current Assets/Current Liabilities) has dropped drastically during 2005 from 2.6 to 0.785. It is to a great extent a result of the money outpouring adding up to $564.2 million which was predominantly for gaining Houston-based Griffin Exploration Company. As indicated by Howarth, â€Å"Woodside plans to build its investigation spending 40 percent to $500 million of every 2006 subsequent to burning through $346.2 million out of 2005 and just $239 million of every 2004 (2006)†. In spite of the fact that idea of ‘ideal’ current proportion contrasts across ventures, a higher proportion is typically wanted to a lower one as liquidity is of fundamental significance to the endurance of a business (Atrill, 2000). Then, payable expanded $289.4 million because of the acquisition of long-lead things for the Group’s investigation and advancement exercises and the procurement of Griffin payable. Be that as it may, reality behind the drop in liquidity is riches creation for future development. For instance, the obtaining of Griffin in September 2005 gave prompt creation and access to a generous arrangement of investigation rents and prospects in the Gulf of Mexico. Interruption to oil and gas activity brought about by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita 2005 was concealed to 88% of pre-typhoon level by the Griffin portfolio. The Kipper gas field in Bass Strait will cost $200 million which expected to yield $3 billion of gas and gaseous petrol, with Woodside possessed 21 percent it. Outfitting There was no new offer given during 2004 and 2005, and Woodside depended more on obtaining. Long haul obligations stay at the comparably level around 1000 million because of its industry trademark. In any case, the net outfitting (Net Debt*/Equity) in 2005 has significantly increased in size contrast and 2004 on the grounds that Woodside has expanded their getting to meet the money need. The $729 million picked up in value contributed just a little part to the outfitting. Woodside plans to burn through $10 billion being developed of new ventures throughout the following five years, and three significant undertakings will begin creation this year (Howarth 2006). * Net debt=short term obligation + long haul obligation money Effect of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) From 1 January 2005, budget summaries arranged by Woodside are as per Australian reciprocals to International Financial Reporting Standards (AIFRS) rather than Australian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (AGAAP). The selection of AIFRS has sway the accompanying zones: (a) Petroleum Resource Rent Tax (PRRT) Under AGAAP, PRRT was dealt with utilizing collection bookkeeping premise. Under AIFRS, Australia Accounting Standards Board (AASB) 112 stretches out the assessment impact bookkeeping to incorporate all expenses on pay. Available impermanent contrasts emerge in light of the fact that conceded PRRT risk or resource is perceived for the distinctions that have gathered between PRRT charge base and the bookkeeping base. (b) Employee Share Plan AASB 2 require treatment of representative offer arrangement as offer based pay, the chief measure of the intrigue free, restricted plan of action advances to gain shares are renamed from receivables to a different class of shareholders’ value. Profit paid on shares gave are held to reimburse the advances, are counterbalanced against that different class of shareholders’ value. (c) Leases Decide if any help contracts contain leases. All leases ought to be accounted as per AASB 117. Woodside has recognized a fund rent which should be accounted for on the monetary record, lead capitalisation of rented resources into oil and gas properties and the rent risk recorded as enthusiasm bearing advances and borrowings. Subsequently, the held winning will mirrors the supplanting of rent installments cost with intrigue and deterioration charges. (d) Functional and Presentation Currency AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, the Group’s practical cash is Australian dollars and US dollars. Resources and liabilities of auxiliaries with an outside money are converted into Australian dollars at each period’s shutting date and any trade developments are recorded through a Foreign Currency Translation Reserve (FCTR). (e) Borrowing Costs Acquiring costs on qualifying resources are to be underwrite, this reject those advantages with an estimation of under $50 million, all costs identifying with investigation and assessment, and the remote trade contrasts. (f) Provision for Restoration Under AIFRS, the current estimation of reclamation commitments to be perceived as a non-current risk and to promoted future rebuilding costs. The promoted cost is amortized over the life of the venture and the arrangement is accumulated occasionally as the limiting of the risk loosens up. The loosening up of the rebate is recorded as a money cost, which prompts decrease in rebuilding arrangements. (g) Investments Interests in value protections were held at cost under AGAAP. AASB 139 arranged interest in value as either held for exchanging (unrealised additions or misfortunes detailed in the pay explanation) or ready to move (unrealised increases or misfortunes revealed in value) and conveyed at reasonable worth. The contrast between the reasonable estimation of ventures and authentic cost prompts increment in other money related resources and held income. (h) Income Tax Under AGAAP, annual assessment cost was determined by reference to the bookkeeping benefit subsequent to taking into consideration changeless contrasts. Under AIFRS, brief contrast emerges because of distinction between the conveying estimation of a benefit or obligation and its assessment base. (i) Defined Benefit Superannuation Fund Under AGAAP, aggregate actuarial additions and misfortunes on the characterized advantage area were not perceived on the accounting report. Under AIFRS, arrangement for worker benefits is perceived as an advantage and is estimated as the contrast between the current estimation of the employees’ gathered advantages and the net market estimation of the superannuation fund’s resources at that date. The effect would be increment in different resources for the overflow superannuation subsidize resources and to record the related addition in the pay proclamation. (j) Embedded Derivatives AASB 139 requires the recognizable proof, acknowledgment and estimation of subordinates inserted inside agreements that an organization may enter. (k) Financial Instruments AASB 132 and 139 require every single monetary instrument to be at first perceived at reasonable worth. In this manner, developments in budgetary instruments are recorded in the salary explanation. (l) Hedge of Net Investments Under AGAAP, US dollar acquiring were treated as a support of US dollar deals incomes. Be that as it may, US dollar acquiring doesn't meet the support bookkeeping prerequisites under AIFRS. (m) Sale of Assets Under AIFRS the net increase or deficit discounted of each class of benefit is named other pay or different costs in the salary articulation. Under past AGAAP, continues at a bargain were delegated other salary and the recorded estimation of advantages arranged were unveiled as different costs. (Woodside Concise Annual Report 2005) Reference Woodside signs $2b LNG bargain, The West Australian, 2 May 2006 Atrill, Peter 2000, Accounting: a presentation, Prentice Hall, NSW Ball, Y eager for risk Woodside searches seaward for development, Australian Financial Review, 16 January 2006. Ball, Y Woodside slips as junta debates creation contract, Australian Financial Review, 4 February 2006. Ringer, S Woodside Petroleum Heats Up Demand for Natural Gas Fuels Jump in Australian Firms Shares, The Wall Street Journal, 3 January 2006, Dow Jones Newswires. Vitality, N. W Woodside in Kansai gas bargain, The Australian, 23 March 2006. Findlay, T Resource stocks chill out, Australian Financial Review, 6 January 2006. Fitgerald, B Woodside shoots to wonder as it takes advantage of oil blast, The Age, 12 April 2006. Assets EDITOR Howarth, I Woodside to continue siphoning out benefits, Australian Financial Review, 16 February 2006. aspectfinancial.com.au, 5 May 2006. woodside.com.au/Investors/Annual+Reports/2005+Annual+Report.htm, 5 May 2006. Keenan, R Japanese faithfulness a major lift for Woodside, The Courier-Mail, 9 March 2006. Palepu, K.G., Healy, P.M and Bernard V.L. 2004, Business Analysis Valuation Using Financial Statements, third edn, Thomson, Mason. Phaceas, J Woodside banners Sunrise beginning as benefit tops $1 b, The West Australian, 16 February 2006 Sprague, J.A Investors cheer as offer costs take off to record on back of gold, The West Australian, 10 January 2006. Examination Papers on Woodside Petroleum 2005 Company AnalysisDefinition of Export QuotasThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio

Small And Medium Enterprises And Their Characteristics Management Essay

Little And Medium Enterprises And Their Characteristics Management Essay In the cutting edge world economy, business exchanges can be led inside a similar city, a similar nation, or even between two nations. The term of internationalization has been received by numerous scientists, for example Bell (1995): An organizations commitment in a particular outside market creates as per a foundation chain, for example toward the beginning no fare exercises are acted in the market, at that point trade happens by means of autonomous delegates, later through a business auxiliary, and, in the end assembling may follow. Internationalization has become a huge research point for business scholastics in the previous forty years. A generous measure of research has concentrated on global endeavors (Dunning, 1973; Markusen, 1995; Kogut and Zander, 2003), with a developing enthusiasm for the internationalization of little and medium estimated ventures (SMEs) (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994). In the interim little and medium-sized organizations (SMEs) have been accepted to be critical in supporting financial aspects improvement inside a nation (Mazzarol, Volery, Doss, and Thein, 1999). For instance, in the Netherlands, SMEs account 98.8% of all private-area organizations, contribute 31.6% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and utilize 55% of the complete workforce (EIM Business Policy Research, 1999). Moreover, acquiring deals outside their own local market is an objective of numerous little and medium-sized ventures (SMEs) and their legislatures (Economic Development Board, 1993). This postulation will be focused on the procedure of internationalization of SMEs, and particularly the obstructions of internationalization and inspirations for send out exercises. Actually, SMEs can grow abroad since these days nations all around the globe have gotten practically indistinct as far as societies and institutional settings (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). 1.2 Problem proclamation As per issue sign, this there for prompts the accompanying issue proclamation; What are the boundaries and inspirations of internationalization with respect to little and medium estimated ventures? 1.3 Research Questions The accompanying inquiries will be presented so as to make inferences concerning the difficult articulation: What are the attributes of little and medium ventures? How do the endeavors internationalize? What are the difficulties and drivers of internationalization? 1.4 Research Method and Data Collection 1.4.1 Research Method This theory will utilize a writing concentrate as the technique for look into. To have the option to respond to the examination questions, the exploration strategy that will be utilized is the writing study. To build up a hypothetical structure, exploratory examinations are utilized in this examination. It is the best sort of research for acquiring an away from of the marvels of intrigue (Sekarana, 2003). 1.4.2 Data Colletion The vast majority of the assets utilized are auxiliary information which is information that have just been assembled by different analysts previously (Sekarana, 2010). So far the writer has discovered a few diaries and articles examining internationalization of little and medium ventures as the principle wellspring of this proposal. Right off the bat, writing dependent on drivers and inspirations of internationalization of little and medium endeavors were looked for utilizing a few web indexes, for example, Google Scholar, and furthermore database, for example, JSTOR. The accompanying watchwords were utilized: Internationalization, SMEs, Drivers and Motivations. These watchwords were utilized independently and in blends with one another. Furthermore, more writing, articles and measurable information were found from the web. Google is utilized as the web index. At long last, to decide the nature of the writing, it is essential to take a gander at the quantity of references from other great diary remembered for this writing. Another approach to decide whether writing is reliable is by taking a gander at the references. 1.5 Structure of the Thesis In the rest of the parts the structure will be as per the following: Section 2 will survey and examine a portion of the meanings of little and medium ventures and their attributes, alluding research question Q1. Section 3 will look at the hypotheses and the procedure of internationalization. In section 4, I will examine the chances and obstructions to internationalization. In the last section, ends will be drawn and the difficult proclamation will be replied. 2. Little AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES 2.1. Meaning of SMEs There is no single, consistently worthy meaning of a little firm (Story, 1994). In any case, a few definitions are very relying upon models, for example, number of representatives and turn over. In 1971 Bolton Report (Dawes Haydock in Frank, 1999) endeavored to beat the issue of little firm definition by figuring what it called a financial definition and a factual definition. Under the financial definition, a firm is viewed as little in the event that it fulfilled the accompanying three standards: they had a moderately little portion of their commercial center; they were overseen by proprietors or part proprietors in a customized manner, and not with the help of a formalized administration structure; they were free, in the feeling of not framing some portion of a huge endeavor. The Committee likewise planned a measurable definition which was intended to address three primary issues. The first was to measure the size for the little firm division and its commitment to financial totals, for example, total national output (GDP), business, fares and advancement. The subsequent reason for existing was to contrast the degree with which the little endeavor divisions financial commitment has changed after some time. Thirdly, applying the factual definition, this permits a correlation with be made among the commitments of little firms in a single nation with that of different countries. Besides, there is an absence of accord on the best way to characterize SME (Gibb, 1993; Curran and Blackburn, 2001) as every nation characterizes SME in an unexpected way. For instance, in the US and Canada, SMEs are commonly characterized as firms with less than 500 workers. In Japan, distinctive headcount roofs are utilized for assembling (up to 300 representatives), discount (up to 150) and retail (up to 50). In this postulation we utilize the order given by the Commission of the European Communities (2003/361/EC 2003). As per the European Union (2003), a SME is an undertaking with less than 250 workers and a turnover close to 50 million Euros or a monetary record aggregate of close to 43 million Euros. Little ventures utilize under 50 and smaller scale undertakings under 10 workers. 2.2. Attributes of SMEs SMEs are consistently one of the wonderful subjects for the scientists. It might be recognized from bigger firms by various key attributes. Specialists have drawn some trademark for the SMEs. Attributes regularly talked about as run of the mill of SMEs are as followed: Constrained assets (Welsh and White, 1981). A little and medium undertaking for the most part has constrained assets, which implies they didn't have cash to buy the necessary hardware and to employ numerous specialists. This is incredibly valid for new fires up because of a nonappearance or absence of reputation on the firm to allure potential financial specialists and brokers. Henceforth, it is profoundly subject to the ability of the proprietor to produce assets. Casual administration style (Kotey, 1999 and Slade, 2005). For little and medium endeavors, the administration is generally casual. The proprietor needs to do nearly everything and workers are typically expected to have the option to obligation as generalists as there is no away from of assignments. Adaptability (Aragon-Sanchez and Sanchez-Marin, 2005). The undertaking has greater adaptability to adjust to changes in nature because of its size and casual structure. It is likewise helpless against develop in the undertaking condition. For instance, any adjustments in government strategy or innovation may affect the organizations since moment changes require extra assets or capital. This may turn into a limitation to the organizations to contend and sustainâ itself in the market. Reliance on singular chiefs (Feltham and Barnett, 2005). The organizations are overseen and worked by the proprietor. The business people of the business lead the organization and assume a job as both worker and manager. The development of the organizations is controlled by the proprietor. Dynamic is ordinarily done by the proprietor. 3. INTERNATIONALIZATION Various methodologies and viewpoints have been added to the writing firms internationalization (Morgan and Katsikeas, 1997), and these issues have been inquired about more than three decades (Etermad, 2004). For example, a continuous point of view of SME internationalization is clarified in the Uppsala Model, and the Finnish-POM Models (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). The other viewpoint is that SME internationalization is clarified by a monetary view (Dunning, 1977), and another view is depicted by a system approach (Kenny and Fahy, 2004; Majkgard and Sharma, 1998; Welch and Welch, 1998). The last view is depicted as the International New Venture viewpoint (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994; Zahra, Ireland, and Hitt, 2000). Every one of these models are quickly examined beneath. Of the progressive methodologies, the Uppsala Model started by Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) and further created by Johanson and Vahlne (1990 and 1977) is broadly used to portray example of little firms internationalization (Andersson, 2004). In Uppsala Model, they make the differentiation among state and change part of internationalization factors. They contend that the current situation with the firm is the significant factor in clarifying future changes and resulting stages. The state perspectives are spoken to by the organizations showcase duty to the outside market and the market information about remote market and activities. The change perspective is viewed as responsibility choice and the exhibition of current business a

How to Find Anchor Clients and Earn a Consistent Income

The most effective method to Find Anchor Clients and Earn a Consistent Income In any case, few would contend that scouring work loads up week by week, offering for gigs, and pitching editors and potential customers can be tedious. What's more, time is cash. Hence, your objective in 2013 ought to be to add more Anchor Clients to your roster. What are Anchor Clients? Grapple customers are organizations or people with whom you have a continuous relationship and a consistent progression of undertakings and pay. This would be as opposed to those for whom you play out an infrequent errand, or one time, with no rehash work. Anchor Clients advantage your business in three significant ways:â 1. They help to break the one extreme or another pattern of irregular salary. Having them permits you to design better, In spite of the fact that these kinds of customers come in the same number of shapes and structures as independent keeping in touch with itself, here are a couple of basic ones I’ve earned throughout the years. What's more, with a little imagination, you can too. Client type:Businesses with web journals that need refreshed content Strategy:Blogs the latest trend dark. Throughout the most recent couple of years, I have made posts for organizations (looking for more noteworthy perceivability and a more extensive client base), running from $50 to $100 per blog entry. Most by far of these postings were found

Description of the company as General Merchandise Store Essay

Portrayal of the organization as General Merchandise Store - Essay Example The organization has additionally settled various supercenters in significant urban communities to fulfill the expanding need for one-stop family shopping. These stores consolidate general product and full goods going from bread kitchen merchandise, refreshments, new fish, new ranch produce, fixings and flavors, solidified nourishments, canned and pressed nourishments, meat, and dairy items to dry products and staples. The greater part of these are open 24 and have claim to fame shops like phone store, drug store, eateries, hair salon, tire and cylinder express among others. The local markets overcome any barrier between the supercenters and the rebate stores by offering a constrained scope of general product yet a full scope of wellbeing and excellence items, goods, pharmaceuticals and photograph creating administrations. The qualities of the key players of an organization have the capability of affecting on hierarchical conduct and this, thus, will budgetary execution legitimately and in a roundabout way. Along these lines, there are a few qualities I might want to have and might want to see them in other key players of the organization like the central money official (CFO) and the main activities official (COO). The first is having a dream. All the key players of the organization must have a typical image of what the organization targets accomplishing. Having a dream will prompt the making of an organization where all representatives progress in the direction of the accomplishment of a shared objective. Every key player ought to act naturally less teammates and group builders.... Having a dream will prompt the making of an organization where all representatives move in the direction of the fulfillment of a shared objective. Every single key player ought to act naturally less partners and group manufacturers. These attributes will go far into empowering the soul and attitude of cooperation and coordinated effort over the organization among all positions of representatives. Corresponding to this, the key players ought to have solid relational connections. In organizations, particularly retailing, relationship building abilities are as important as specialized resources in light of significant levels of consistent relational commitment. This trademark will in this manner lead to the production of an organization where workers treat clients with the most extreme regard prompting the best client experience. The key players ought to likewise be of acceptable character and profoundly moral. This characteristic will prompt the production of an organization whose appr oaches, methods and business exercises show an exacting adherence to morals. What's more, key players ought to have enthusiasm. The two workers and clients need energy if the representatives grasped this character, it will prompt the formation of a client centered culture where everybody is eager to go an additional mile to give clients an energetic shopping experience. Examination of persuasive hypotheses talked about and assurance of how best to persuade organization representatives. The persuasive hypotheses talked about so far demonstrate a variety in sees among clinicians with respect to what best inspires laborers. To certain, laborers are best propelled by pay, to other people, laborers are roused by fulfillment of their social needs and to somewhere in the range of, a fulfillment of mental needs. Be that as it may, it is unfruitful to lay a system for representative inspiration basing on a solitary factor. For instance, a

Reasons to Do a Digital Detox

Reasons to Do a Digital Detox Happiness Print What Is a Digital Detox? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 30, 2019 Hero Images/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand Reasons for a Detox What the Research Says How to Do It Modifications Tips View All Back To Top A digital detox refers to a period of time when a person refrains from using tech devices such as smartphones, televisions, computers, tablets, and social media sites. “Detoxing” from digital devices is often seen as a way to focus on real-life social interactions without distractions. By forgoing digital devices, at least temporarily, people can let go of the stress that stems from constant connectivity. Before you decide if it is right for you, consider some of the potential benefits and methods of doing a digital detox. Reasons for a Digital Detox For many people, being connected and immersed in the digital world is just a part of everyday life. According to research from the Nielsen Company, the average U.S. adult spends around 11 hours each day listening to, watching, reading, or interacting with media.   There are many reasons why you might want to give up your mobile phone and other devices for a brief time. You might want to enjoy time to yourself without the interference that your phone and other devices create. In other cases, you might feel like your device use has become excessive and is adding too much stress to your life.   In some situations, you might even feel like you are addicted to your devices. While technology addiction is not formally recognized as a disorder in the DSM-5, many experts believe that tech and device overuse represents a very real behavioral addiction that can lead to physical, psychological, and social problems. In a poll conducted by the organization Common Sense Media, 50% of teens reported that they felt that they were addicted to their mobile devices.  A whopping 78% of the teen respondents said that they check their digital devices hourly. What the Research Says Technology Can be Stressful While people often feel that they cant imagine life without their tech devices, research and surveys have found that technology use can also contribute to stress.   In the American Psychological Associations annual Stress in America survey, a fifth of U.S. adults (around 18%) cited technology use as a significant source of stress in their life. For many, it is the ever-present digital connection and constant need to keep checking emails, texts, and social media that accounted for the majority of this tech stress. One study conducted by researchers in Sweden found that heavy technology use among young adults was linked to sleeping problems, depressive symptoms, and increased stress levels. Digital Devices Can Disrupt Sleep Evidence also suggests that heavy device use, particularly prior to bedtime, can interfere with sleep quality and quantity. One study found that children who use digital devices at bedtime had significantly worse and less sleep. The study also found a connection between nighttime tech use and increased body mass index.   Researchers have also found that in-bed electronic social media use has adverse effects on sleep and mood. The study found that 70% of participants checked social media on their phones while in bed, with 15% spending an hour or more on social media while in bed. The results found that using social media when you are in bed at night increases the likelihood of anxiety, insomnia, and shorter sleep duration. How Your Smartphone Affects Your Brain Heavy Device Use May Be Linked to Mental Health Concerns A study published in the journal Child Development found that heavy daily technology use was associated with an increased risk for mental health problems among adolescents. More time spent using digital technologies was linked to increased symptoms of ADHD and conduct disorder, as well as worse self-regulation. Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania recently published the first experimental research linking the use of social media sites such as Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram to decreased well-being.  The results revealed that limiting social media use decreased symptoms of depression and loneliness. Constant Connectivity Affects Work/Life Balance That feeling of always being connected can make it difficult to create boundaries between your home life and work life. Even when you are at home or on vacation, it can be hard to resist the temptation to check your email, respond to a text from a colleague, or check in on your social media accounts.   In a study published in the journal Applied Research in Quality of Life, researchers found that technology use played a role in determining an individuals work-life balance. The study suggested that the use of internet and mobile technologies influenced overall job satisfaction, job stress, and feelings of overwork. Doing a digital detox may help you establish a healthier, less stressful work-life balance. Social Comparison Makes It Hard to Be Content If you spend time on social media, you have probably found yourself comparing your own life to your friends, family, total strangers, and celebs. You might find yourself thinking that everyone else seems to be leading a fuller, richer, or more exciting life based on the tiny, curated glimpse you see on their Instagram or Facebook posts.   As the saying goes, comparison really can be the thief of joy. Detoxing from your social connections can be a good way to focus on what’s important in your own life without comparing yourself to others.   The Stress of Social Comparison Digital Connectivity Can Make You Feel Like You’re Missing Out Fear of missing out, known as FOMO, is the fear that you are missing the experiences that everyone else is having. Constant connectivity can feed this fear. Every time you see a curated image or post about someone else’s life, it can leave you feeling as if your life is less exciting than theirs. You might find yourself overcommitting to social events out of the fear that you’ll be left behind. FOMO can also keep you constantly checking your device out of fear that you are going to miss an important text, DM, or post.   Doing a digital detox is one way to set limits and reduce your fear of missing out. The key is to do it in a way that doesn’t leave you feeling cut off from what’s happening in your digital world. Signs You Might Need a Digital Detox You feel anxious or stressed out if you cant find your phoneYou feel compelled to check your phone every few minutesYou feel depressed, anxious, or angry after spending time on social mediaYou are preoccupied with the like, comment, or reshare counts on your social postsYou’re afraid that youll miss something if you dont keep checking your deviceYou often find yourself staying up late or getting up early to play on your phoneYou have trouble concentrating on one thing without having to check your phone Are You Addicted to Your Phone? How to Do a Digital Detox Some might suggest that a true digital detox would involve predefined abstinence from any and all digital devices and social media connections, but it is important to make your device usage work for your own life and demands.   Detaching from your devices can benefit your mental well-being, but doing a digital detox does not have to involve a complete separation from your phone and other tech connections. The process is often more about setting boundaries and making sure that you are using your devices in a way that benefit, rather than harm, your emotional and physical health. Be Realistic If you can do a complete digital detox for a certain amount of time, it might be something you want to try. Being completely disconnected can feel liberating and refreshing for some people. For a lot of people, completely forgoing all forms of digital communication might not be possible, particularly if you really do rely on staying connected for work, school, or other obligations.   This doesn’t mean that you can’t enjoy the benefits of a digital detox; the key is to make disconnecting something that works for your schedule and your life.   If you need your devices during the day for your job, try doing a mini-detox at the end of the workday. Pick a time when you want to turn off your devices, and then focus on spending an evening completely free of things like social media, texting, online videos, and other electronic distractions.   Set Limits While it isn’t always possible or even preferable to completely disconnect, setting limits on when these digital connections are allowed to intrude on your time can be good for your mental well-being.   For example, you might want to use your phone to play your Spotify or Apple Music playlist while you are working out, but setting it to airplane mode will make sure that you aren’t distracted by phone calls, texts, other messages, or app notifications during your workout.   Setting boundaries on the type and timing of connections you’ll attend to helps ensure that you can enjoy real-world activities completely free of digital diversions.   Other times when you might want to limit your digital device usage include: When you are eating meals, particularly when dining with other peopleWhen you are waking up or going to bedWhen you are working on a project or hobbyWhen you are spending time with friends or familyBefore you go to sleep each night Research suggests that limiting your social media use to approximately 30 minutes per day can significantly improve well-being, decreasing symptoms of loneliness and depression. Restricting your mobile device usage immediately before you go to sleep may also be helpful. One review of the research found that using media devices was linked to poor sleep quality, inadequate sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Skip laying in bed playing on your phone and instead try reading a book or magazine for a few minutes before you go to sleep. Remove Distractions Another way to start your digital detox is to turn off push notifications on your phone. Many social media apps including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest, and news websites send alerts every single time you get a message, mention, or new post. Rather than checking certain apps or websites every time a new story or post hits, set aside a specific time each day when you’ll check your messages or mentions. Then set aside a certain amount of time, around 20 or 30 minutes, to devote to catching up and sending responses. You might find that its helpful to leave your phone behind for at least a brief time. Studies have found that the mere presence of a mobile device, even if you aren’t actively using it, lowers empathy levels and decreased conversation quality when interacting with other people, a phenomenon researchers have dubbed ‘the iPhone effect.’ So the next time you are having dinner with a group of friends, try leaving your phone at home. Make It Work for You A digital detox can be whatever you want it to be and can take many forms. You might want to try giving up all digital devices for a time, including television, mobile phones, and social media. In other cases, you might want to focus on restricting your use of just one type of digital device such as your phone or your gaming console. Some ideas that you might consider trying: A digital fast: Try giving up all digital devices for a short period of time, such as a day or up to a weekRecurrent digital abstinence: Pick one day of the week to go device-freeA specific detox: If one app, site, game, or digital tool is taking up too much of your time, focus on restricting your use of that problematic itemA social media detox: Focus on restricting or even completely eliminating your social media use for a specific period of time Digital Detox Tips Some people find giving up their devices fairly easy. Others will find it much more difficult and even anxiety-provoking at times. There are some things that you can do to ensure that your digital detox is more successful: Let your friends and family know that you are on a digital detox and ask for their help and supportFind ways to stay distracted and keep other activities on handDelete social media apps from your phone to reduce temptation and easy accessTry getting out of the house; go to dinner with friends or go for a walk when you are tempted to use your deviceKeep a journal to track your progress and write down your thoughts about the experience A Word From Verywell Going device-free can be uncomfortable and stressful at times. You might feel annoyed, anxious, and even bored without your mobile phone and other tech tools. While it may be hard, it can be a rewarding experience that will help you better understand your relationship with  your devices.   How Smartphones Contribute to Stress

Cause / Pathogenesis Of Sickle Cell Anemia Research - 1100 Words

Cause / Pathogenesis Of Sickle Cell Anemia Research (Essay Sample) Content: SICKLE CELL ANEMIAStudents NameCourse NumberProfessor NameDateIntroductionUnder normal circumstances, the erythrocytes in the blood are biconcave in shape, and can quickly move through the blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to the various organs of the body. Sickle cell anemia is a devastating hematological disorder with distinguished erythrocytes that are unusual in shape due to the existence of modified hemoglobin (Hb) molecule. The red blood cells (RBCs) in sickle cell anemia are irregular, in the shape of a sickle, which makes them be fragile and rupture easily.The sickled RBCs can prevent the normal movement of blood to organs by blocking the blood vessels, resulting in the inadequate supply of blood, which can lead to organ damage. Most of the sickled RBCs are eliminated from the body, leading to a reduction in the number of healthy RBCs and low oxygen levels in the body. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease that is caused by a mutation in the genes that code for hemoglobin. This paper analyzes the pathogenesis, pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia and the sign and symptom of the disease.Cause/pathogenesis of sickle cell anemiaThe hemoglobin is a protein molecule that is made up of four iron molecules, two alpha molecules, and two beta globin molecules. The HBB gene is housed in the short arm of the eleventh chromosome, and codes for the production of beta-globulin molecules, while HBA gene codes for the production of alpha-globin and is located on the short arm of the sixteenth chromosome. A point mutation can occur in the HBB gene which can lead to the synthesis of the abnormal Hb. This modification can result in the amino acid valine being substituted by glutamic acid in the beta-globin molecule of the hemoglobin, resulting in an abnormal hemoglobin molecule that is in the shape of a sickle (HbS). Since the HBB gene is inherited from the parents, sickle cell anemia would occur when an individual inherits two copie s of the HBS, one from each parent. Therefore, the genotype of a patient suffering from sickle cell anemia would be HBSS. A patient with a single ordinary hemoglobin gene and a single abnormal hemoglobin gene is known as a sickle cell carrier. When both parents are carriers, the chance of having a child with sickle cell disease is 0.25% as shown in the figure below. The inheritance of Hemoglobin genes that can cause sickle cell anemia
Pathophysiology of Sickle Cell AnemiaIntracellular changesA possible gene mutation in the hemoglobin molecule results in a sequence of abnormal intracellular reactions which interference with the cell membrane of the RBCs, resulting in blockage of the blood vessels and destruction of the RBCs. Typically, the hemoglobin molecules occur as single independent units in the RBCs whether it is carrying oxygen or not. The sickled hemoglobin also exists as separate units in the RBCs when they are carrying oxygen. However, when the abnormal hemoglobin relea ses the oxygen to the tissues and becomes deoxygenated, the sickle hemoglobin molecules becomes twisted in shape and binds together to form long chains or polymers, a process called polymerization. These polymers are rigid and insoluble and destroy the normal shape of the RBCs, causing them to bend and form a banana/sickle shape. When the polymerization process continues for a long time, larger polymers are formed which can block the blood vessels, thus interfering with the normal flow of blood in the body. Also, the distortion of the RBCs interferes with their cell membranes and flexibility, which can make the RBCs to stick to the endothelium of the blood vessels, worsening the blockage of the blood vessels. The damage to the RBCs membrane can also result in an influx of calcium ions which causes dehydration of the RBCs. When the RBCs pick up oxygen from the lungs, the abnormal hemoglobin (HbS), revert to their normal shape and solitary existence. By blocking the blood vessel, t he volume of oxygen and nutrient reaching the tissue and organs is reduced, resulting in ischemia that can damage the organs. This process continues throughout the entire lifetime of the RBCs. The continued polarization and depolarization of the HbS in the RBCs results in repeated cycles of vascular occlusion and restoration of normal blood flow that causes reperfusion injuries to tissues and organs such as the lungs, the heart and the brain due to inflammation and the action of vascular oxidases. It can also lead to bone infarction and necrosis. Pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia
Extracellular ChangesThe sickled RBCs are prone to hemolysis which results in the release of the cytoplasmic contents such as the hemoglobin into the extracellular compartment. The extracellular hemoglobin molecules produce reactive hydroxyl and superoxide radicals which increase the consumption of nitric oxide in the body, resulting in the vasoconstriction of the blood vessels, systemic and pulmonary hypertension and stroke. The accumulation of the extracellular hemoglobin in plasma can strain the glomerulus filtration in the kidneys, leading to renal dysfunction. Excess hemoglobin in plasma can also prevent the degradation of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) proteins which are critical in homeostatic roles. The result is increased activities of the VWF, which activates platelets, resulting in the formation of tiny blood clots within the blood vessels which contribute to vascular occlusion.Signs and Symptoms of AnemiaThe most common symptom of sickle cell anemia is the anemia and fatigue. The RBCs in patients with sickle cell anemia is fragile and can easily be hemolyzed before the 120 days that an average RBC lives, leaving the patient with little quantities of healthy cells. This can result in fatigue since the cells have inadequate oxygen to energize them. Also, patients with sickle cell anemia experience cyclic pain that occurs when the sickle cells cause vascular occlusio n of tiny blood vessels in the body. The pain can occur in the chest, abdomen, and joints and can vary in magnitude and duration. Another symptom of sickle cell anemia is the swelling of hands and feet. The patients can experience painful swelling in the hands and feet due to the obstruction of blood flow to these regions. The obstruction of blood to the small blood vessels supplying the eyes and brain can damage the retina and the cerebral tissues resulting in impaired vision and stroke. Patient with sickle cell anemia can also experience recurring infections. The increase rate of sickle cells destruction and the continuous production of new RBCs can damage the bone marrow that also produces white cells. The patient would become vulnerable to opportunistic infections such as pneumonia infections. Also, the patient can suffer from delayed growth. RBCs provide the body with oxygen and nutrients that are essential for growth and development. In sickle cell anemia, the reduction in t he volume of RBCs can result in slowed growth and delayed puberty in children and adolescents. ConclusionSickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder of the blood that occurs from a gene mutation on the chromosome 11 that codes for the synthesis of beta globin of the hemoglobin molecule. The resulting abnormal hemoglobin produced, polarizes quickly in the absence of oxygen to form sickle-shaped red blood cells that cause vascular occlusion and ischemia that causes vision impairment, acute chest syndrome, stroke, and fatigue.BibliographyCDC. Sickle Cell Anemia: Complications and Treatment. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. /ncbddd/sicklecell/treatments.html 2017. Accessed October 30, 2017.Desai, Chirag, and Biren Shah. "A Review of Pathophysiology of Sickle cell Anemia and it...

Internship Report on MCB Kuthery chowk Gujrat - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5757 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? MCB was incorporated in 1997 and was subsequently privatized by the Government of Pakistan. The Nishat Group bought the mainstream shares of the bank and so got the rights to handle the banks operations. In view of the fact that the privatization of the bank, MCB has execute different policies to make it one of the most excellent banks of Pakistan, which incorporated introducing innovative products and services and enlarge its operations by opening new twigs in Pakistan. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internship Report on MCB Kuthery chowk Gujrat" essay for you Create order I did my six weeks internship at MCB Kuthery chowk Gujrat, and worked in account opening department, operations department, accounts department, Remmittance, Customer Service department. A number of the work that I did in these departments incorporated collecting cheques, filling account opening forms, activity checking and stop payments and closing of accounts. Even though there were no such huge dilemmas found in the working of MCB, there were some difficulties in schooling of the workers, encouragement methods and invention improvement. Some of the suggestions contain seminars for workers, employment alternation, and groups occupation to find modern goods and erudition curriculums for workers. Lastly MCB has seen a rapid growth in its activities by introducing a range of products and services and showing its presence in the country by opening new branches and in future should keep this momentum and always strive to become the best. Chapter # 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Chapter 1 is about introduction of report which is a part of requirement of my course BBA, degree 6 weeks internship is compulsory for students. The chapter is a concise statement of the internship organization, purpose, scope objectives and background of the study. It also includes a small introduction of organization. 1.2 Background of the study Internship program during Bachelors in Business Administration is required for all the students as per HEC requirement. It is necessary for me to complete an internship program of about 6 weeks in any service or manufacturing industry relevant to my specialization and area of interest. So, I choose the banking sector because I have interest in this sector because my study is also related with this sector. Purpose of the study The internship agenda helps me to acquire practical incident in my ground of study. Ideally, internship facilitate me to utilize my knowledge and abilities get from the classroom, determine where further competence is required, renovate the bookish information into realistic life, and become better up to date with the types of work settings in which such competence can be useful and chance to choose the best way for upcoming time. 1.4 Scope This study will assist to me about the working of Banking sector of Pakistan because the majority of our teachers during their lectures use the examples of Banks like MCB, National Bank, UBL, Bank Alfalfa and many others, Students should study about the performance of such Banks. It will help full for me in future. Objectives: I worked as an internee in MCB. The main objectives to study in MCB were to examine the finance system of the bank, to know how bank maintain the financial system of country, to appreciate the management system of the bank which consist of knowledgeable experts of the bank and to deal with the circumstances of pressure. Chapter # 2 Overview of the organization 2.1 Brief history MCB Bank Limited formerly known as Muslim Commercial Bank Limited MCB Bank is not an overnight success story. It was integrated with the Adamjee Group on July 9, 1947, under the Indian Companies Act, VII of 1913 as a limited company. The bank was establish with a vision to supply banking services to the public of the South Asia Subsequent to the division of the Indo-Pak subcontinent, the bank stirred to Dhaka from where it commenced production in August 1948. In 1956, the bank moved its registered workplace to Karachi, Where the cranium office is currently located. Therefore, the bank takes over a 59 years inheritance of trust of its clients and the civilians of Pakistan. 2.1.1 NATIONALIZATION: In January 1974, the Government of Pakistan state-owned MCB following the Banks Act 1974 of nationalization. MCB was neither the single bank which was publicly owned exclusively as neither it nor any other bank being merged with it due to its reliable and firm policies and its sound situation. 2.1.2 PRIVATIZATION: A gesture of trade and industry modifications swept Pakistan in the lattes introducing the need for privatization of state owned banks and organizations. This was the earliest bank to be privatized in 1991. The bank was purchased by a syndicate of Pakistani company groups led by Nishat Group.Nishat Group is one of the primary and mainly diversified trade groups in Pakistan. The group has well-built presence in the most significant production sectors of the country such as banking, cement, textile and insurance. The Chairman of the group (and also MCB) is Mian Mohammad Mansha and he has played influential position in its achievement and Government of Pakistan has conferred him with one of the most impressive national awards of the country named Sitara-e-Imtiaz. 2.2 Nature of the organization Muslim Commercial Bank is a financial institution where people can deposit their money. Muslim commercial Banks provide a system for easily transferring money from one person or business to another. By using many services that they recommend saves us an implausible amount of time and ensure us that our saving are given to a save hand. VISION: being the leading financial services provider, partnering with our customers for a more prosperous and secure future. MISSION: We are a team of committed professionals, providing innovative and efficient financial solutions to create and nurture. Long-term relationships with our customers. In doing so, we ensure that our shareholders can invest with confidence in us. MCB has developed well-built connections with its clients by considering their requirements and treating them with respect, self-respect and importance. The motivating strength behind its obligation and services is its spotlight on clients ensuring that it not only assemb les, but also go beyond their prospect. They struggle to accomplish distinction by ensuring that every split second of their time is exhausted in adding value, making clear in your mind that they do things accurate, earliest time, and every time. Through the mission of quality MCB has always taken initiatives bringing banking into a new ground, from cash to the expediency of synthetic, from local office banking to internet banking and from face to face purchaser communication to online convenience. MCB nowadays focuses on three core businesses namely Corporate, Commercial and Consumer Banking. Corporate customers include public sector companies as well as great local and international concerns. MCB is also catering to the rising middle class by providing latest asset and liability products. Muslim Commercial Bank Limited has a solid establishment of over 63 years in Pakistan, the Bank offers full day 24 hours banking convenience with a system of more than 1000 branches and the biggest ATM network in Pakistan more than 450 ATM locations in the marketplace. 2.2 Success stories and rewards during last 5 years The initial period of 2005 was very beneficial for MCB, because the bank has accomplished 4.2 billion of per tax profit, evaluated for the same time period with Rs. 2.2 billion. Profit after tax has more than doubled compared to the matching period for 2004 and go above Rs. 3 billion which was the highest profit in the history of Muslim commercial bank. This interprets into receiving Rs. 7.43 per share. Advance and deposit increased to Rs. 156 billion and Rs. 241 billion reflecting a growth of 14% and 10% respectively. In addition the banks assets extended by 16% throughout the half year ended 2005 and crossed 300 billion Rs marks. Banks capital and reserves enlarged as a result of 41% throughout the semi year, which was due to the issue of right shares and maintained earnings. Raise in equity would develop the limit of lending and would supply the opportunity for noteworthy growth of the banks balance sheet. This would also facilitate to meet the capital obligation below Bas el Accord II, which will be valuable from 2007. 2.2.1 Awards Muslim commercial bank has a wonderful list of awards during the last 5 years. In 2005, 2006 and 2008 Muslim commercial bank get award of Best Bank in Pakistan from Euromoney than in 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009 mcb get the award of Best Domestic Bank in Pakistan from Asiamoney. Again in 2008 Euromoney give the award of Best Bank in Asia to mcb and after this in 2009 mcb got the Best Domestic Bank in Pakistan award from The Asset. The Asian Banker for being Pakistans best-performing financial institution gives the award of The Strongest Bank in 2010 to Muslim commercial bank. 2.3 Product/services line Mcb provides a large scale product line to their customers for achieving the international standard of banking. There are a number of products and services like MCB FULL DAY BANKING: Mcb provides full day banking services to the customers and they can enjoy the all banking facilities in every day of week even on Saturday. ONLINE: In our daily life we are easily buying the products and services online so in banking sector mcb is also provide the online bank facilities to the customer and have 315 online branches which provide 24*7 online services. MCB SPECIAL RUPEE TERM DEPOSIT: This facility provides a large range of choices to the customer that they can open more than one term deposit accounts that suite them for their current and long term needs. 365: This is a deposit account for mcb customers which offers a good profit on daily basis and also provide the capability of decisive withdrawals. MCB LOCKERS: Mcb provides the facility of lockers for the protection of cu stomers expensive and valuables. MCB REMIT EXPRESS: Customers can also enjoy the facility of international remittances capability within 24 to 72 hours. MCB ISLAMIC BANKING: Mcb provides the banking facilities according to the Islamic point of view and shariah. MCB CARDS: A restricted position of sale acquiring association facilitating recognition of all main card brands. MESTRO: This facility is giving to the MCB smart card and ATM card holders and only they can enjoy this facility. CIRRUS: This is a cash withdrawal facility which is only provided to the MCB smart card and ATM card holders. They can withdraw money at more than 900000 ATMs in the whole world. MCB MOBILE BANKING: Now you can enjoy the banking facility through your mobile phones in any time. Mcb provides the information about you account and mini statements through mobile banking. MCB VIRTUAL INTERNET BANKING: This facility allows the customers to access the banking services in any time. You can g et the services in 24 hours of a day, days a week and a year. MCB CALL CENTRE: This call centre is working for the customers problems which the face in the services they only call and get the solution of their problems, information about banking services like ATM cards and other products of MCB. MCB ATM 24-HOURS CASH: Mcb provides the largest ATM networks of the nation with more than 450 ATMs services to the customers. MCB SMART CARDS: Mcb smart card is the way to get the banking services like withdraw cash, pay utility and mobile bills and lots of more and more. CORPORATE FINANCING: MCB Corporate Financing offers right to use diversified financing alternatives which includes working capital loans as well as term loans, trade finance services and investment banking. MCB EASY BILL PAY: Mcb smart card and ATM card holders can avail this facility and easily pay their utility and mobile bills through these cards. This is a very good solution to pay the bills. MNET: It is an electronic inter-bank display place for online dealings on ATM and other isolated banking conduits. Members consist of 10 local and overseas financial foundations enjoying ATM division and Value Added Services. MCB CAR 4 U: This is a auto finance loan which is very good for those people who wants to buy a car because it is affordable for all. MCB PYARA GHAR: Mcb provide this home finance facility to the customers that they can easily purchase and construct their home and for this purpose MCB provide more than 20 million to the customer. MCB RUPEE TRAVELLERS CHEQUE: Mcb is the market leader of rupee travelers cheque. This cheque provides a safe way to transfer money from one place to another. SAVING ACCOUNT: Mcb provides a large number of saving accounts for customers to save their money for short term and give good profit on it. CURRENT ACCOUNT: A large number of current accounts are offering to the customers by mcb and also give extra facilities on that account s like online transaction, demand draft and pay order etc. Mcb offering many more products in market like salary club, project loans, investment services, sms banking etc. 2.4 PESTL Analysis There are many factors which influence the organizations performance and customers profile. It is very important to identify these factors that influence buyer and the size of market overtime, so we can improve the performance of the organization. PESTL analysis is the best way to identify these factors because it includes Political and factors Economic factors Social factors Technological factors Legal factors 2.4.1 POLITICAL FACTORS Political environment have a great influence on banking sector. Political unsteadiness within Pakistan can direct to changes in law and policies which can be in support or alongside the banking sector. 2.4.2 ECONOMIC FACTORS Economic factors like inflation, per capital income, saving trends, exchange rates, budget deficit, rate of interest and cost of living are effect the borrowing power of the general public and we know that the banking sector requires a good customer markets with good borrowing power of the customers. Pakistans economy facing all these problems that is why banking sector face many problems regarding business growth. 2.4.3 SOCIAL FACTORS Social factors are also play an important role in the banking sector because every society is made by some values and norms and cultural issues and present in every society. These issues are also prevailing in the Pakistani society but as there are a number of multinational companies worked in it so that these issues are not well-known. 2.4.4 TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Technology is a big challenge for every business sector because the growth of economy is greatly affected by the technology changes. In Pakistan every business sector introduces new technology and increases its profit and sales that is why MCB also introduce new and innovative technologies for competition. 2.4.5 LEGAL FACTORS Legal factors are the combination of government laws and regulatory agencies that effect the organizations and individuals. These laws are mostly creating the chances of new opportunities for the organizations. Laws and regulatory agencies are made for some purpose like to protect the customers from unfair condition created by the banking sector and also play an important part in the protection of banking sector by unlawful competition. 2.5 Contribution of MCB towards economic development Muslim commercial banks play a significant part in economic growth of Pakistan. Economic development involves speculation in different sectors of economy. The banks gather money from the public and assemble saving for speculation in developed task. The investors scrounge from banks to sponsorship the projects. Support the expansion rate during the reorientation of loan strategy. Unique resources are provided to the investors for the achievement of projects. The banks offer a certification for industrialized loan from worldwide agencies. The overseas resources stream to developing countries for speculation in projects. In addition regular banking the banks complete bureau services for the consumer. The banks purchase and sale securities and build rent payments, accept payment money and gather service bills for the Government departments. Therefore these banks keep time and power of full of activity working class. Banks assemble foreign exchange for the business deal with other co untries. The capability of foreign exchange account has resulted in an augment of overseas barter assets. Through aperture a memo of recognition the banks encourage overseas deal. Banks are not merely collecting finances except for also provide like a steer to the client speculation of their money and the strategy of banks is a tool in spacious dispersion of glory in country Chapter # 3 Organizational Structure 3.1 Organizational Hierarchy Chart (Chairman) (Board of Directors) (Chief Executive / supervisor) (Senior vice Executive President) (Vice Executive President) (Senior vice President) (Vice President) (Assistant vice President) (OG-1) (OG-2)(OG-3) (Clerical Staff) (Non clerical Staff) 3.2 Number of Employees Mcb provides employment opportunities to those people who are interested in banking sector according to a source of mcb total number of employees in Pakistan is about 15000. Every branch consists of at least 13 staff member one branch manager, one customer service officer, one credit manager, one general banking officer, one cashier, one cash officer, one system administrator, two gun men and two peons. 3.3 Main Offices of MCB The head office of Muslim commercial bank is located in Karachi on Chundrigar road Mcb tower, I.I and branch office is Defence Housing Authority branch Karachi. In Punjab regional office is located in main gulberg market Lahore and branch office is in waheed palaza Lahore cantt and other one is in Garhi shahu, 86, Allama iqbal road Lahore. Another regional office is located in main Civic centre, G-6, Islamabad and another is in Peshawar. 3.4 Introduction of all Departments In all the branches of Muslim commercial bank there are 4 main departments Deposit department Cash department Credit and Advance department Foreign exchange department 3.4.1 Deposit department Bank makes transactions in money and they are simply mobilizing finances inside the financial system of the country. They lend money from one individual and give loan to another, the dissimilarity among the rate of borrowing lending shapes their spread or gross income. Consequently we can exactly shape that deposits are same like the blood of the bank which sources the dead body of an organization to get to effort and these deposits are legal responsibility of the bank so according to the banks point of view we can submit to them like liabilities. The whole deposits of MCB are rising from the time of its launch but after the period of privatization there is a pointed decline in general deposits of the bank. It is a fact that boost in deposits is also a reason of boost on total amount of accounts so the bank has progressed in equal aspects. Generally deposits can be separated on two bases, one is the period in which their finances are projected to be with the bank and second i s the rate of receiving these finances. Deposits are divided into two categories according to period of deposits Time deposits or liabilities Demand deposits or liabilities All banks have different types of deposit systems in order to encourage deposits. These systems are a combination of the above two kinds of deposits with a calculation of different services obligations like lowest amount of balance condition, form of operation, source for computation of profit, subtractions, extra advantages, eligibility for different sets of group. That is why MCB has a great diversity of deposit proposals. Some of these are as follow Current account PLS saving bank account Monthly khushali scheme Hajj mubarik scheme Khanaum bachat scheme PLS 365 saving accounts These are the different types of deposits this department also handles the account opening activities and clearing departments activities. Each banker take actions together as a paying as well as a colle cting banker, It is on the other hand an significant job of crossed cheques. A great part of this work is approved through the clearing house of bankers. Clearing house is a place where delegate of all banks of the city get together and resolve the acceptances and payment of cheques drained on each other. 3.4.2 Cash Department Cash department deals with maintenance of these books Paying cash book Token book Scroll book Receiving cash book Cash balance book While cash is received in counter of the bank, it is recorded in the Scroll Book and Receiving Cashier Book and at the end of the day; these are matched and balanced with each other. While the cheque or any other transferable tool is presented at counter of the bank for payment, it is recorded in the token book and token is issued to the client then token clerk and the teller make entries in the paying book and payment is made to payee. At the end of the working day, the Token Book and Paying Cashier Book amount are balanced. The joined figure of receipt and payment of cash is recorded in the cash balance book and drawn closing balance of cash. Opening Balance (add) Receipts (less) Payments = final / closing Balance. This is very significant section because cash is the mainly liquid asset and most of the time frauds are made in this section, consequently, additional care is taken in this section and no one is allowed to go into or depart the area liberally. Typically, cash area is grilled and its door is under management of the chief of that department. Every books maintained in this section are checked by an administrator. 3.4.3 Credit and Advance Credit and advance department approves the different type of loans for different businesses and also for customers personal use like Loans OD (overdraft) Cash credits For approving the loans form departments it is necessary to give something as collateral such as property and other types of asset. Collateral must be equal or more than the amount of loans which are given by the department. In case of giving loans every branch has a fixed limit and if the amount of loan is under the limit of the branch then it is easily approved by the bank but if the amount is greater than the limit of the branch then loan will be approved by the head office and in this situation branch collect all required documents from customer and then sent them to the head office. If head office permitted the loan then typically the period restrains a year. All this process is recorded in the bank until the customer has not refunded the amount of the loan and if he/ she will not able to pay that amo unt then bank has an authority to use the collateral for settlement of amount. The credit portfolio of this department is in very good shape rather than other financial institutions of our country and the credit goes to the good management. 3.4.4 Foreign Exchange department This department deals with all the foreign exchange affairs like payment or retirement and foreign remittances. In the payment /retirement when transactions are completed then a conformation documents sent to the main office. Foreign exchange department deals with the all foreign currency accounts, cash deposit and remittances. Every transaction which is take place in the international banking shall be carried out at rates which are settled by the state bank of Pakistan. Rates of different foreign currencies are delivered to the branches on the same day. 3.5 Comments on organizational structure Muslim commercial bank listed in stock exchange as a banking company and it follow all the laws and legislations which are imposed by concern decrees the chairman Mr. Muhammad Mansha who is also the chief executive of the bank with 1 vice chairman and a team of 10 directors to help in the making of different strategies and control of the business. Operational management of Muslim commercial bank is control by a team of 10 professionals. The chairman of Muslim commercial bank Mr. Muhammad Mansha is also the head of this team. Organizational structure of Muslim commercial bank is very good and effective and just because of this effectiveness, Muslim commercial bank has a very bright future in the field of banking. PART II Chapter # 4 Internee Work 4.1 Introduction: This chapter is the main assessment part of my report because in this part all those activities are mentioned which are performed by me during my internship in Muslim commercial bank Kutchery chowk branch Gujrat. I will try to share my all experiences and hardships of internship in this chapter. All the information regarding the branch is also given in this part of the report. 4.2 Introduction of my branch: As I mentioned that I did my 6 weeks internship in Muslim commercial bank Kutchery chowk branch Gujrat. I completed my internship with Muslim commercial bank limited Gujrat from 02- Aug- 2010 to 19- Sep- 2010. Some general information of my branch is as follow Code of the branch 1297 Name of the branch Kutchery chowk Gujrat Contact # 053-3537616 Adress of branch Kutchery chowk 4.2.1 Management of the branch: Management team of my branch is very talented and cooperative. Management consist of these members Syed Nadeem Raza Branch manager Amber Ahmad Branch operation manager Iram Nawaz Customer service officer Saira Bashir Cash officer Muhammad Riaz Cash officer Bushra Saleem General banking officer 4.2.2 Other important information: Total deposit of the branch 550 M Total number of accounts 7500 Revenue of the branch 21 M Capital of the branch set by the HO 4.3 Supervisors detail During my internship I worked in almost every department under the professional supervisors. In account opening department I worked under the supervision of Miss Iram she is an MBA and one of the most active employees of the branch. She is designated as customer service officer. I performed my first 3 weeks of internship activities under her supervision. She gave a lot of information and knowledge about the account opening activities and also gave an opportunity to do them by myself. She also guided me how to deal with the customers in those problems which are faced by them in account opening forms. In next week I worked in cash management department under the supervision of Miss Saira Bashir she is a graduate lady she is working in mcb from last 5 years. She guided me in this department that how to collect the utility bills, in the same week I also worked with the operational manager Mr. Amber who is an MBA along with 10 years experience in banking sector. In next few months I per formed my activities under the supervision of Miss Bushra who is designated as General banking Officer of the branch. She is also an MBA and deals with all the activities of clearing and remittances. Under his supervision I performed all the function related with remittances and clearing. 4.4 Weekly time table of my work During my internship I have worked in bill collection department, account opening department, remittance, clearing, general banking and customer service department. As I early mentioned that I worked in few departments and performed these activities. Time duration Department Tasks performed in the departments Week I 02.08.2010 to 06.08.2010 Account Opening Department Introduced with branch employees and got common information about branch and as per the instructions of the supervisor filled the account opening forms and verified earlier accounts documents. Week II 09.08.2010 to 13.08.2010 Account Opening Department Fill up the new account opening form of the customer, learnt stamping on account opening forms Week III 16.08.2010 to 20.08.2010 Account Opening Department I did stamping on account opening forms which is given by my supervisor and also learnt about the documents which are required for account opening. Week IV 23.08.2010 to 27.08.2010 Bill collection Department And Operation Department Work in the operation department. Collect the utility bills and observe the other activities of that department. Learnt about cheque and how to honor a cheque. Week V 30.08.2010 to 03.09.2010 Clearing Learnt about clearing procedure supposedly and practically then did this procedure under the instruction of my supervisor. Week VI 06.09.2010 to 10.09.2010 Remittances Got information of general working and about Demand draft and pay order. I also printed both many times. Week VII 14.09.2010 to 17.09.2010 Remittances Filling deposit slips and money gram, printed D.Ds and Pay Orders and During my internship period no work relative to foreign Remittances and T.T, M.T and was done in remittances department. 4.5 Description of departments During my internship I have worked in account opening department, cash management department, clearing and remittances departments. Detailed descriptions of those departments where I have worked are as follow 4.5.1 Account Opening Department This is the main department of the bank. Account opening department perform the function of opening and closing of different types of accounts in bank. People can open their accounts in bank individually as well as a firm. Educational institutions and all other types of organizations open their accounts in the bank. Muslim commercial bank offers various accounts for their customers. People can easily open their account in the bank with their own choice like current account, saving account, PLS account, BBA account and term deposit account. In my branch Miss Iram is the head of this department. She deals with all the issues regarding account opening and closing. 4.5.2 Bill Collection and Operation Department These two departments are very important because all the bills and cheques are collected in these departments. Bill collection department collect the bills on the behalf of WAPDA, Sui GAS and PTCL. Operation departments perform many function like collecting cheques, honour the cheque and cancellation of cheque. In my branch Miss Saira is the head of cash department and operation department controlled by Mr. Amber who is the operational manager of the branch. He deals in cheques collection activities. 4.5.3 Clearing Department Each banker performs both roles as paying as well as a collecting banker; on the other hand it is an important function of crossed cheques. A great portion of this work is carried out from the bankers clearing house. A place where agent of all banks of the city interacts with each other and patch ups the receipts and payment of cheques drawn by one to the other. This department is controlled by Miss Bushra who is the General Banking officer of my branch. She deals with all the ac tivities of clearing the cheques. There are 4 types of cheques in clearing Transfer cheques Transfer delivery cheques Clearing cheques Collection cheques 4.5.4 Remittance Department The requirement of remittance is normally felt in business life mostly and in everyday life common. A key function of any banking system is to provide a good facility of transferring funds from one customer or place to the other. The bank earns a lot of income in the form of service charges by providing these types of services to the customers. Local currency remittance is deal by this department like transfer of funds from one city to another without actually carrying the money. Following instruments are used by MCB for transferring money Pay order Demand draft Mail transfer Telegraphic transfer In my branch Miss Bushra (General Banking Officer) also deals in the remittance department as well as clearing department. She makes all the instruments of transferring funds lik e DD, OD, MT and TT. 4.6 Description of the activities of the departments As I already mentioned that I have worked in above four departments during my internship. These are the activities of all those departments where I have worked 4.6.1 Activities of Account Opening Department Account opening department perform all the important activities related with account opening procedure. Account opening is a bridge between a bank and a customer. In MCB account opening department perform such activities like investigation etc. By opening an account MCB as like the other banks in Pakistan determine whether or not the individual who is going to open the account is a attractive client or not. At that time MCB verify the potential customers honesty, morality, occupation and the nature of industry by the preliminary situations which are given at the moment of account opening. Carelessness in this casual beginning inquiry may result in serious outcomes not only for the banker troubled directly but also for other bankers and the common community who may be exagg erated indirectly. The Federal Ombudsman of Pakistan, vide his decision on grievance no. II/31/5186 In order to additional support and update this procedure, has directed the banks to keep a photocopy of computerized NIC with the account opening form of that person who is desiring to open an account as well as that of the introducer. As per these tracks, the concerned Branch Managers are essential to get the original NID along with their Photocopies and then after attesting the validity of the retained copy return the original card to the customer. After all these investigation account opening department opens the account of the applicant and give cash book to the customer. This investigation is necessary for opening a account just because of avoiding the fraud and other unlawful acts of the customers. 4.6.2 Activities of Bill Collection and Operations Department Bill collection department perform the activity of utility bills collection on the behalf of WAPDA, SUI GAS a nd telecommunications. This department works in the supervision of cash officer when the bills are collected than at the end of the working hours a bill collected scroll is made by the officer. Operations department deals with the most important functions of the bank. Cheques are received and honor in this department. Operation manager is the head of this department. 4.6.3 Activities of Clearing Department Clearing is a method by which banks substitute cheques and other exchangeable tools drawn on each other inside a specified district and in that way securing the payment for its customers from the clearing house. Clearing house is a general association of the banks at a set position, main purpose clearing house is equalizing the cross responsibility in the shape of cheques. When there are numerous banks in the country each will accept a number of cheques strained on other banks, deposited inside for compilation. A clearing house is an organization where these cheques are b rought and the mutual claims of each bank on the other are offset and a settlement is made by the payment of differences. The process of clearing refers to the gathering of cheques strained on other banks. These cheques may be strained on United Bank Limited, Habib Bank Limited, National Bank of Pakistan, or several other bank of Pakistan. The relevant clerk assembles all cheques and enters them in the register of clearing. Then he attaches a stamp on these cheques and arranges out cheques of different banks and prepares agenda for them then these cheques are sent to clearing house. SBP has extended the tune of Clearing House. MCB will accept all the cheques strained by other banks. Lastly they replace their cheques mutuality. Muslim commercial bank ambassador will give cheques of United Bank Limited, Habib Bank Limited, Allied Bank Limited, National Bank of Pakistan, and State Bank of Pakistan to their agents, and get the cheques strained on MCB from these agents. Further the y clear up their account. SBP agent will work out the balances and will clear up their account from their balances with SBP. The amounts of the cheques are credited in the depositor account on the second or third day and if the cheques are not revisited it is cleared that all the cheques are honored. 4.6.3 Activities of Remittance Department 4.5.1 Account Opening Department:

From Ancient Myths to Marketing Strategies Books Assigned to Freshmen by Top Universities

Even before the academic year has started, students in the US colleges have work to do. Applicants have to read something, which usually varies from myths and legends to popular fantasy and overview of trends in the digital age. Most of the top colleges do this. They provide their future students with the must-read lists, items which are considered important by the institutions. What’s interesting, the titles are not usually program-related, but rather serve to help a student adjust to the new life in college. Over the last few years, students across America have read a bunch of thought-provoking and sometimes controversial books. For example, The Iliad by Homer is a book to read when you’re about to start your studies at Columbia University. At the same time, those who were accepted at Stanford University were given three books that tackle contemporary issues. They are Walter Isaacson’s The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution, Tobias Wolff’s This Boys Life, and Lalita Tademy’s Cane River. Newcomers at Princeton got Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do by Claude Steele, a book about negative stereotypes and how they influence us when we are under stress. At Cornell University, students were obliged to read Vonnegut’s classics Slaughterhouse-Five, a book on the WWII and the absurdness of war in general. At the University of Texas in 2014, everyone received a list with options tha t included the first book of A Song of Ice and Fire series, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, and Sex and Desire by Jennifer Knust. So why do colleges assign these particular books? Which benefits do students get from them? At Stanford University, all the books were united by a common theme —Â  they were about people and their stories of how they overcome challenges. Those who read The Iliad indulged in the story of Achilles and his great failure when he was humiliated by his leader, so the very question of leadership is raised there. A very interesting find is a book by Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway assigned to freshmen at Smith College, The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View from the Future. It deals with the issue of climate change and how it caused the collapse of the Western world in 2093. Wild by Cheryl Strayed, with which students at New York University were acquainted was selected as a metaphor for freshmen who start their life away from home in a role that’s completely new to them. While some students or applicants are quite enthusiastic about dealing with most of the reading challenge, others might protest against certain items from their lists. Alison Bechdel’s autobiographical graphic novel Fun Home caused protests from a group of Christian students at North Carolina’s Duke University. They claimed the book contained too much sexual content. Students discussed the assignment on their social profiles and complained that it was inconsistent with their morality. The book is about the girl who discovers herself as a lesbian and finds out that her father is a closeted gay. Vivid sexual imagery was the main thing that averted young people from reading it. At the same time, the administration of the college explained that they wanted to provoke students for a discussion, which is the main component of true liberal arts education. It is always possible to abstain from reading the assigned book, if it comes into a conflict with one’s morality, bu t that makes the discussion incomplete. Every college has its own literature to demand from the students. Usually, books they assign are helpful in one or another way to a newcomer. Some prepare them to a new life as a grown-up, and some introduce them to important ideas or current trends. Some books help freshmen to overcome stress, while others challenge them for fierce discussions. There is always a reason why a particular university wants its newcomers read a certain book, and a refusal to do that can point at his or her weaknesses and unpreparedness for the real-life challenges.